![]() Other complaints, such as feeling bored, being unable to make decisions, procrastinating and being disorganized and distracted are often an expression of inattention in adulthood. On the functional standpoint they may be unable to hold a job or maintain personal relationships. ![]() They may be impulsive and impatient, may “act without thinking” and sometimes get into trouble because of this feature. ![]() Adults often complain of inner restlessness, express excessive talkativeness and the need to move even in situations where one is expected to stand still. In adults with ADHD the clinical expression of core symptoms is different compared with that observed in children and adolescents. In particular, women suffering from ADHD are more prone to develop comorbidities with depressive and eating disorders, while males more likely suffer from comorbid substance use disorders. Gender differences also appear to influence the prevalence of comorbid disorders. Conversely, girls with ADHD show more attentional symptoms and fewer hyperactive/impulsive symptoms, which, possibly alongside greater coping skills, reduce the likelihood of referral. The observed gender difference may be explained with the higher frequency of hyperactivity and behavioral problems in boys, which make them more likely to be referred to the clinical specialist. Studies in children and adolescents showed that the disorder is at least 3-times more prevalent in males, while the male/female ratio tends to decrease to 2:1 in adults. A systematic review of prevalence studies suggests that childhood ADHD persists into adulthood in 15–60% of cases. ĪDHD has an estimated childhood prevalence of 4–7%, while its prevalence in adulthood is around 2.5%. In most cases, adult ADHD has a heterogeneous clinical presentation besides the hyperactivity and inattention described in the pediatric population, which includes a wider spectrum of emotional dysregulation and functional impairment. ![]() Finally, the review will address the implications of pharmacologically treating the ADHD–BD comorbidity, providing suggestions in how to treat these complex patients and addressing the issue of treatment-induced manic switch with the use of stimulants and other medications for ADHD.Īttention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a typical childhood-onset disorder characterized by a deficit of attention and motor hyperactivity leading to significant impairment in academic/occupational, familiar and social functioning. This review will focus on the comorbidity between ADHD and BD by exploring the magnitude of the phenomenon and evaluating the clinical and functional characteristics associated with ADHD–BD comorbidity in adults. Moreover, besides an overlapping clinical presentation, BD is often co-occurring in adults with ADHD, with comorbidity figures as high as 20%. This is especially true for bipolar disorder (BD), which shares several symptoms with adult ADHD. Although the disorder persists into adulthood in half of cases, adult ADHD is often not recognized due to different psychopathological characteristics, quite often overlapping with other diagnoses such as mood, anxiety and personality disorders. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a condition that usually has its onset in childhood.
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